In what context was this to be used?
World war 2
In fact, this is one of the easiest scenarios for a fact checker to handle correctly.
The source is a reputable, top-tier peer-reviewed publication. Even an inexperienced (but competent) fact checker could check run literature searches on the journal, reviewers and authors. This would reveal that they’re working at reputable institutions, and have been for decades.
Crime rate, Poverty rate, Housing values, Vacancy rate, Family environment, Median income, Single parent, Adversity score, Education level, ESL, High school environment, Undermatching, Curricular rigor, Free lunch rate, AP opportunity
Each school got a score.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/sat-to-give-students-adversity-...
It’s the same with the US.