Make sure you read the "beware of clones" section carefully. There are some real shysters out there. Even the official UK reseller of the "lesser" sub 1GHz NanoVNA has been caught shipping cloned crap that doesn't even pass self test or work properly on multiple occasions.
On to more optimistic things: these are really good. My neighbour is fairly deaf and has her television obnoxiously loud watching snooker until gone midnight. I asked her politely to turn it down before and was told to fuck off. So as it's on digital terrestrial broadcast TV and we have a shared antenna, I looked up the channel and frequency and set up a fairly narrow band sweep across it and connected the NanoVNA to my TV feed line. She got fed up after about 5 minutes of it cutting out every couple of seconds and turned her TV off.
That's not what I bought it for but that has been my favourite use so far. I originally purchased it to test some 70cm HT antennas.
The clone thing is more controversial than it appears at first. What actually happened was more like this:
1) The original NanoVNA developer publishes the design and quits the field.
2) OwoComm redesigns it for wider coverage, making extensive changes and substantial improvements. She releases the design under the GPL.
3) Some people in China start building clones such as the SAA-2N and making useful improvements of their own. They sell these clones at ridiculously low prices, which are only slightly profitable if at all.
4) OwoComm goes nonlinear and attacks the cloners with everything she has. (Un)fortunately she doesn't have much, because the GPL contains no anti-dumping provisions and the cloners did nothing to violate the extremely liberal license she used.
5) OwoComm does the only thing that makes sense, and returns to the drawing board to create an improved design of her own. Unfortunately the newer designs are closed, due to her previous negative experience with cloners.
It's more complicated than this, in that some of the recent clones have been accused of violating the GPL by failing to release their modified sources. But OwoComm has also not reacted in the most professional manner. The clone vendor hugen, in particular, has added quite a bit of value to the product and (as far as I can tell) has behaved in good faith, but he has been at the top of OwoComm's (s)hit list since the SAA-2N's release.
Kind of a bummer, because these are all some very talented engineers who have, collectively, delivered some amazing hardware to lots of people who would otherwise have been unable to afford anything like it. It's also true that there have been a lot of complete garbage clones released, but the one I mentioned is not one of them. It's a legitimately incredible piece of hardware. Painting all of the clones with the same brush does not capture the reality of the situation.
That's on a shared antenna so no significant broadcast going on, just interfering on the local coax. Never heard of antennas being shared between homes before like that but if it is what he says then it'd be too low power to matter outside of what's directly connected.
The advice to "beware of clones" is good advice that applies to the HackRF SDR as well. Despite HackRF being open source, it doesn't mean all clones are good clones.
as a crime it may a be a small one. As a totally lacking empathy a*hole who denied a hearing impacted grandma her favorite show he is definitely a big one though.
There's probably a market for a sub $1 "smart chip" that can be added to a design. Something that can be factory programmed with a unique serial number. To keep from being cloned, verification operation wouldn't be as simple as reading out the number. Instead, the chip would respond with some sort of hash. Similar to how Apple secures their SOCs.
The security wouldn't need to be perfect. Even something simple would be sufficient to deter an unscrupulous reseller.
There are a bunch of options out there for doing this. Many ICs have built in key storage, but there are a few that are separate. There are some pros to using on micro key management, but one of the big cons is that many times the auth can be bypassed if you can overwrite or glitch the firmware.
If I were concerned about counterfeit things, in an application like this, you would pre program each one with a unique key and everything would be tied to it. Firmware upgrades need to be validated, to download, you would need the key, run the software, key needs to sign something back… etc.
But the original would have to see it coming and put this in the design, AND maintain a registry of all the valid chip serials. No hobbyist wants that headache.
They make ‘em for secure key storage. The kind of drm scheme you’re describing, though, is not going to be too challenging for someone to subvert who’s already willing to use any of a number of methods to have firmware read off a protected chip.
There are inexpensive RFID tags with anti-counterfeiting features meant for retail goods, since that's become an increasing problem. They're primarily intended for retailer use since ordinary people don't have a RFID reader but since RFID readers are getting cheaper all the time, there is talk about consumers being able to authenticate their goods as well sometime in the future.
One challenge - authenticity checks need to be done end-to-end(where we that end may be)
If you had such a chip, who would check it for authenticity? That check would need to be well secured, so likely not the ARM firmware on the nanovna itself.
Possibly not nanoVNA-saver: the unscrupulous supplier might just include an unlabeled CDR with patched software.
I love my NanoVNA. I used it to tune my 6 band fan dipole. That took a lot of tuning! It works fantastically, and I've made contacts from the UK to Australia with it.
I've also used it for measuring the resonance frequency of tuned circuits and even as an RF signal generator.
Every radio amateur should have one! In fact if you are into any sort of radio it is useful. I also used mine to investigate the quality of various WiFi antennas to see if they were resonant in the right places.
Having this device in college when I was doing E&M would have been an absolute game changer. The closest thing that existed was an MFJ antenna tuner for Ham Radio that only measured S11 at one frequency, and cost around $500. The next step up was to buy used equipment, which was four figures or more. Having something that goes to 1 GHz, does both S11 and S21, and only costs $50? Unreal.
Having used a modern VNA, the NanoVNA would feel cramped now... but still: E&M would have been so much easier to understand with one of these, and a few labs.
It’s utterly depressing watching people fish out cash for an MFJ tuner these days. They still sell the things and they still command a stupid price for a thoroughly inferior device.
The two guys I know who still own them only do so because they are Sinophobes and MFJ stuff is (terribly) assembled in the US still.
MFJ in the amateur radio community is called "Mighty Fine Junk" fairly often. I have purchased some things from MFJ, but I notice that I now avoid doing so unless I'm desperate.
A coworker was just showing me his the other night. We pitted it against a much more expensive network analyzer to see how it did and it was quite impressive, especially considering the price and size, and was definitely serviceable for amateur and student use. It's a seriously exciting device.
I find incredible a product like this is in the market, where the minimal price to pay for a similar professional device is around $4000, maybe a couple thousands for lower end models.
Of course the accuracy of this device might be a lot less than those professional devices, but when you are a ham amateur hobbyist who want to know if some transceiver, antenna, cables, or other devices are working good, you get a lot of "device" for such a low price.
A Network Analyzer is an instrument to analyze the performance of a network of electronic components. Vector means that it analyzes phase as well.
It can tell you the effective Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of the network at various frequencies. This is useful for tuning radio antennas or filters, or identifying bad cables or connectors.
You can precisely measure the length of a cable from one end (by measuring the time for the signal to reflect).
You can use it as a signal generator to illegally jam your neighbors TV signal, as another commenter here noted.
Not many common uses for it unless you think amateur radio is common.
While mastax's explanation is correct, it's not really "like you're 5."
These low end VNAs have two connectors. A signal comes out of connector 1 and goes to connector 2. What happens to that signal is measured, including the change in amplitude (up or down) and phase shift (left or right.) Also, whatever signal bounces back to connector 1 is measured for amplitude and phase.
With that you can tune antennas, characterize filters, measure attenuators and amplifiers, measure distances on transmission lines, measure resonators, capacitors and inductors and some other stuff.
That's about as simple as it can be explained without resorting to baby talk.
- a LC filter might look like this https://www.qsl.net/kp4md/lpfilter2.jpg, by poking the turns of the coil, you change the frequency and width; with a real-time display on a VNA you can fine-tune a filter with a bit of practice (I't maybe better to have linear, not toroid, coils for this)
- a ceramic filter might look like this http://www.pro-line.co.kr/base/img/_proline/product/Ceramic_.... We were recently optimizing filters in our radar and I said something like "this filter is cool but it's about 30 MHz (0.5%) too low" and our RF wizard said "no problem we will sand off a tiny bit on one end" [changing the shape and thus the resonant frequency]. Again you observe the characteristics of the filter and poke it and tune it to your needs.
- when you are chaining amplifiers, there is a problem with reflected power - the next stage input will not eat everything, a part of the signal will bounce back, and this will create standing waves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave_ratio and either the voltage is rising and something will get destroyed or this will create a resonance in your system and it will oscillate. You can either use isolator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_(microwave) (a device that allows energy to pass in one direction, and eats it in the other), but that's clumsy and expensive, or you can tune the amplifier/the board. You take a little piece of copper (like a 1x2mm chip 50um thick or so) on a wooden/plastic stick (so it's non-conductive) and try to put it in various places on the microstrip leading to the amplifier. You basically have a 0.01pF capacitor and you are trying to add it to the transmission line so the reflected wave will get exactly attenuated. When you are happy with the position, you solder it down. You can also tune amplifier output power/gain with this technique, I imagine this works by providing the output driver a "buffer" that it can use to temporarily store energy. (the RF wizard tried to teach me this skill, but it apparently needs a lot of practice)
- you can also tune waveguide devices - antennas, circulators etc. - with a device called waveguide stub tuner! https://www.4semi.com/clientresources/768/774/42/77442/19606... It's a piece of waveguide with screws and you can screw them in and out and shape the inner cavity. I have tuned our antenna with this: the antenna has reflection loss (i.e., how much signal reflects back instead of getting radiated into the environment) about -20dB by default (that means that 1% of the power you send into it reflects back). This is very bad for powerful transmitters - for example with our 1.3kW transmitter, about 13W come back and this will fry your sensitive receiver. With the tuner, I can easily get to -30dB (0.1% comes back), so about 1W comes back and this is easy to handle (most low-loss input parts max out at a few Watts).
You can also reflect the reflected power :) with a T/R switch - a cavity filled with neon or similar gas, optionally pre-ionized with a small radioactive source. When the power comes through, it will ignite a discharge (like in a neon lamp), and this will partially eat the energy and partially reflect it. However, buying them is extremely expensive if they are not already in stock, as someone needs to manufacture it for you for your specific frequency/waveguide size, and building them myself is something… not impossible, but I think I have enough of other problems :)
For any of these you technically don't need a VNA as you are not measuring phases, only amplitudes. You only need a scalar network analyzer. However, AIUI, the phase information can be used by some clever algorithms to compensate for various errors - so scalar instruments are not very precise.
In 2016 a low end, non-pro 100 KHz - 4 GHz VNA cost me $430. I thought that was a game changing deal back then: being able to buy a new working VNA for under $1000. While the NanoVNA's aren't even quite the quality of even my lowend pocketVNA they do give you a qualitative picture of what's going on for $50. That's a real game changer.
Readit News
On to more optimistic things: these are really good. My neighbour is fairly deaf and has her television obnoxiously loud watching snooker until gone midnight. I asked her politely to turn it down before and was told to fuck off. So as it's on digital terrestrial broadcast TV and we have a shared antenna, I looked up the channel and frequency and set up a fairly narrow band sweep across it and connected the NanoVNA to my TV feed line. She got fed up after about 5 minutes of it cutting out every couple of seconds and turned her TV off.
That's not what I bought it for but that has been my favourite use so far. I originally purchased it to test some 70cm HT antennas.
1) The original NanoVNA developer publishes the design and quits the field.
2) OwoComm redesigns it for wider coverage, making extensive changes and substantial improvements. She releases the design under the GPL.
3) Some people in China start building clones such as the SAA-2N and making useful improvements of their own. They sell these clones at ridiculously low prices, which are only slightly profitable if at all.
4) OwoComm goes nonlinear and attacks the cloners with everything she has. (Un)fortunately she doesn't have much, because the GPL contains no anti-dumping provisions and the cloners did nothing to violate the extremely liberal license she used.
5) OwoComm does the only thing that makes sense, and returns to the drawing board to create an improved design of her own. Unfortunately the newer designs are closed, due to her previous negative experience with cloners.
It's more complicated than this, in that some of the recent clones have been accused of violating the GPL by failing to release their modified sources. But OwoComm has also not reacted in the most professional manner. The clone vendor hugen, in particular, has added quite a bit of value to the product and (as far as I can tell) has behaved in good faith, but he has been at the top of OwoComm's (s)hit list since the SAA-2N's release.
Kind of a bummer, because these are all some very talented engineers who have, collectively, delivered some amazing hardware to lots of people who would otherwise have been unable to afford anything like it. It's also true that there have been a lot of complete garbage clones released, but the one I mentioned is not one of them. It's a legitimately incredible piece of hardware. Painting all of the clones with the same brush does not capture the reality of the situation.
They didn’t even do anything to someone we located and identified and collected evidence for who was jamming amateur radio repeaters.
https://greatscottgadgets.com/2021/12-07-testing-a-hackrf-cl...
The security wouldn't need to be perfect. Even something simple would be sufficient to deter an unscrupulous reseller.
If I were concerned about counterfeit things, in an application like this, you would pre program each one with a unique key and everything would be tied to it. Firmware upgrades need to be validated, to download, you would need the key, run the software, key needs to sign something back… etc.
https://www.microchip.com/en-us/product/ATSHA204A
But the original would have to see it coming and put this in the design, AND maintain a registry of all the valid chip serials. No hobbyist wants that headache.
If you had such a chip, who would check it for authenticity? That check would need to be well secured, so likely not the ARM firmware on the nanovna itself.
Possibly not nanoVNA-saver: the unscrupulous supplier might just include an unlabeled CDR with patched software.
I've also used it for measuring the resonance frequency of tuned circuits and even as an RF signal generator.
Every radio amateur should have one! In fact if you are into any sort of radio it is useful. I also used mine to investigate the quality of various WiFi antennas to see if they were resonant in the right places.
Having used a modern VNA, the NanoVNA would feel cramped now... but still: E&M would have been so much easier to understand with one of these, and a few labs.
The two guys I know who still own them only do so because they are Sinophobes and MFJ stuff is (terribly) assembled in the US still.
MFJ in the amateur radio community is called "Mighty Fine Junk" fairly often. I have purchased some things from MFJ, but I notice that I now avoid doing so unless I'm desperate.
Of course the accuracy of this device might be a lot less than those professional devices, but when you are a ham amateur hobbyist who want to know if some transceiver, antenna, cables, or other devices are working good, you get a lot of "device" for such a low price.
What is a VNA?
What are some exemplary, common things I could do with it?
It can tell you the effective Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance of the network at various frequencies. This is useful for tuning radio antennas or filters, or identifying bad cables or connectors.
You can precisely measure the length of a cable from one end (by measuring the time for the signal to reflect).
You can use it as a signal generator to illegally jam your neighbors TV signal, as another commenter here noted.
Not many common uses for it unless you think amateur radio is common.
These low end VNAs have two connectors. A signal comes out of connector 1 and goes to connector 2. What happens to that signal is measured, including the change in amplitude (up or down) and phase shift (left or right.) Also, whatever signal bounces back to connector 1 is measured for amplitude and phase.
With that you can tune antennas, characterize filters, measure attenuators and amplifiers, measure distances on transmission lines, measure resonators, capacitors and inductors and some other stuff.
That's about as simple as it can be explained without resorting to baby talk.
Can't say I'm not interested in what that would sound like.
- a LC filter might look like this https://www.qsl.net/kp4md/lpfilter2.jpg, by poking the turns of the coil, you change the frequency and width; with a real-time display on a VNA you can fine-tune a filter with a bit of practice (I't maybe better to have linear, not toroid, coils for this)
- a ceramic filter might look like this http://www.pro-line.co.kr/base/img/_proline/product/Ceramic_.... We were recently optimizing filters in our radar and I said something like "this filter is cool but it's about 30 MHz (0.5%) too low" and our RF wizard said "no problem we will sand off a tiny bit on one end" [changing the shape and thus the resonant frequency]. Again you observe the characteristics of the filter and poke it and tune it to your needs.
The above is called S21 parameter of the filter. Basically "what goes through and what not" (depending on frequency). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_parameters
- when you are chaining amplifiers, there is a problem with reflected power - the next stage input will not eat everything, a part of the signal will bounce back, and this will create standing waves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_wave_ratio and either the voltage is rising and something will get destroyed or this will create a resonance in your system and it will oscillate. You can either use isolator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_(microwave) (a device that allows energy to pass in one direction, and eats it in the other), but that's clumsy and expensive, or you can tune the amplifier/the board. You take a little piece of copper (like a 1x2mm chip 50um thick or so) on a wooden/plastic stick (so it's non-conductive) and try to put it in various places on the microstrip leading to the amplifier. You basically have a 0.01pF capacitor and you are trying to add it to the transmission line so the reflected wave will get exactly attenuated. When you are happy with the position, you solder it down. You can also tune amplifier output power/gain with this technique, I imagine this works by providing the output driver a "buffer" that it can use to temporarily store energy. (the RF wizard tried to teach me this skill, but it apparently needs a lot of practice)
- you can also tune waveguide devices - antennas, circulators etc. - with a device called waveguide stub tuner! https://www.4semi.com/clientresources/768/774/42/77442/19606... It's a piece of waveguide with screws and you can screw them in and out and shape the inner cavity. I have tuned our antenna with this: the antenna has reflection loss (i.e., how much signal reflects back instead of getting radiated into the environment) about -20dB by default (that means that 1% of the power you send into it reflects back). This is very bad for powerful transmitters - for example with our 1.3kW transmitter, about 13W come back and this will fry your sensitive receiver. With the tuner, I can easily get to -30dB (0.1% comes back), so about 1W comes back and this is easy to handle (most low-loss input parts max out at a few Watts).
You can also reflect the reflected power :) with a T/R switch - a cavity filled with neon or similar gas, optionally pre-ionized with a small radioactive source. When the power comes through, it will ignite a discharge (like in a neon lamp), and this will partially eat the energy and partially reflect it. However, buying them is extremely expensive if they are not already in stock, as someone needs to manufacture it for you for your specific frequency/waveguide size, and building them myself is something… not impossible, but I think I have enough of other problems :)
For any of these you technically don't need a VNA as you are not measuring phases, only amplitudes. You only need a scalar network analyzer. However, AIUI, the phase information can be used by some clever algorithms to compensate for various errors - so scalar instruments are not very precise.