LISP ;-)
This, lisp is perfect for representing arbitrary data, nesting is just another sexpr, easy to produce, easy to parse and easy to debug / reason about
QEMU switched to a data driven representation with a python program to autogenerate the "check bit patterns and extract fields" code, and it's one of the better design overhauls we've done: we started using it mostly for new code but went back and converted some of the old handwritten decoders too. It's much easier to add a new instruction when you only need to add a line like
USADA8 ---- 0111 1000 rd:4 ra:4 rm:4 0001 rn:4
and add a function trans_USADA8() that gets called with the field values, compared to trying to find the right place in a big existing set of handcoded switch and if statements to add the extra checks for the insn.