Any bad answer to these questions is a showstopper, yes. It's an indicator that this company is definitely going to fail.
In your example, not having talked to many customers is the classical Juicero approach: Build a solution, then search for a problem that this solution is solving.
Not talking to customers means not understanding if there is demand for something, and if there are customers who would like to pay for a solution. (Problems exist in markets where target groups are not used or not willing to pay for digital solutions)
If you're starting out, I highly recommend reading the blog of Amy Hoy and Alex Hillmann (https://stackingthebricks.com/) - they defend the idea to first go on a "sales safari" where you simply obvserve your target group, and then find a solution for their pains.
As a founder, you want to continuously talk to potenttial customers about your idea or your prototype: make them use it and perform thinking-aloud tests.
What about a product targeting the mass market, if I'm building a mobile app, is talking to a dozen friends enough? or should I pay for a market research which can reach hundreds of strangers.
Do you talk to customers with prototypes of the features or do you just have a basic skeleton and say 'what if I have this and that'?
I actually subscribed to Amy Hoy's mailing list but haven't checked it out for a while...
And they have (drum roll) an equivalent of the FICO score! It uses "advanced machine learning algorithms"!
There's really nothing related to privacy or societal implications, it's an advertorial. I don't understand why it went past the radar of MIT Technology Review.
A bigger question from me, is China really that advanced? I hold a neutral position on this, but am now seeing a consistent pattern of articles hyping Chinese cookie-cutter tech (or stuff which is bigger) sounding like Cold War era Soviet propaganda. If they really had some kind of grandiose tech achievements, why bother with this?