52 bits of payload, and at least one bit must be set.
You can put stuff into the sign bit too, that makes 53. Yeah, the lower 52 bits can't all be zero - that'd be ±INF, but the other 2^53-2 values are all yours to use.
Readit Newsivankra commented on Myths About Floating-Point Numbers (2021) asawicki.info/news_1741_m... · Posted by u/Bogdanp
ivankra commented on Myths About Floating-Point Numbers (2021) asawicki.info/news_1741_m... · Posted by u/Bogdanp
My favorite trick: NaN boxing. NaN's aren't just for errors, but also for smuggling other data inside. For a double, you have whopping 53 bits of payload, enough to cram in a pointer and maybe a type tag, and many javascript engines do (since JS numbers are double's after all)
https://wingolog.org/archives/2011/05/18/value-representatio...
ivankra commented on Exit Tax: Leave Germany before your business gets big eidel.io/exit-tax-leave-g... · Posted by u/olieidel
You could technically do that but then you’d have to keep paying taxes to Germany on your income in the other country. And the other country will consider you a resident too and will want a chunk of that…
Welcome to americans' reality! It's actually more humane than the way US treats its overseas citizens - no onerous PFIC/FATCA, and you have an option to divorce the tax system while still keeping your passport.
Double taxation should be taken care of by tax treaties. Usually you'd pay the maximum of the two tax rates in total, with your current residence country getting first dibs.
ivankra commented on Exit Tax: Leave Germany before your business gets big eidel.io/exit-tax-leave-g... · Posted by u/olieidel
> be in Germany twice a year to sign off on having done the management within Germany.
Pretty stupid. You are signing paper that claims you never left Germany!!!
You are opening up yourself to personal German tax residency, with all pleasures it brings. Payable 10 years back!
And do not believe that 185 days bs. Correctly losing tax residency in state like Germany, Denmark, Norway or Australia is very difficult. You can not keep any assets like company or house there!
Edit: why downvotes? Many states only require 90 days or less to become tax resident. Australia is fine with a house. Norway will tax your income for 3 years after leaving!
Claiming you manage holding company within Germany, is a huge red flag!!!
> You can not keep any assets like company or house there!
Alternatively, simply keep both the house and company in Germany. No exit tax since, thanks to that house, you haven't technically exited, right?
ivankra commented on Exit Tax: Leave Germany before your business gets big eidel.io/exit-tax-leave-g... · Posted by u/olieidel
The US does not have an exit tax for businesses, but has an absolutely horrible tax system in which expats are treated badly.
The reporting requirements for expats are insane: all bank/brokerage/whatever accounts with max levels during the year, FATCA and FBAR forms, and the cherry on top: Form 8858 ("Foreign Disregarded Entities", whatever that is) which is needed for your self-employment and for each of your rental properties. If you think this is easy, look it up — https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-8858
It's pretty much impossible to file your taxes yourself, you will never get it right. You have to pay specialized accountants, some of which will charge you >$1500 to prepare a yearly return with self-employment and rental.
Then come the actual taxes to pay, which are the least of all problems.
Expats are treated this way because they have no lobbying power.
US totally does: https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/expa... - long-term (8y+) green card holders may need to pay up.
One big difference is that the clock only start ticking after you get green card, whereas with Germany any residence year counts. Oh, and citizens of course aren't affected - since US continues to tax them wherever, but Germany like almost all other countries practices residence-based taxation.
ivankra commented on Exit Tax: Leave Germany before your business gets big eidel.io/exit-tax-leave-g... · Posted by u/olieidel
One of the basic principals of the EU is freedom of movement between countries.
One could argue that imposing such an onerous tax on moving to another EU country breaks this principal, so maybe worth a legal challenge - for someone with a lot to loose.
Or, alternatively, the bureaucrats in charge would argue that all EU countries need to implement similar exit taxation laws - that's where it seems to be heading lately.
Was just in an Apple Store yesterday mulling over whether or not to switch back to macOS after 15 years on Linux PCs.
Both MacBook Pros and Airs are nice machines, but macOS, for me, it's a huge step back.
Unfortunately the Asahi project is underfunded (likely one of the reasons the project founder/lead jumped ship recently), and as a result M4 support is likely a year+ away.
Oh wells, let's see what Dell and Lenovo have on offer this spring/summer. Should be able to get a pretty decent PC laptop for less than the $4k+ an MBP 16" with 2TB/64GB will cost.
I was pretty much in the same boat recently. Pulled the trigger and got M4 MBP - no regrets, great machine! Blows Intel-based competition by far away, double the speed of my beefy desktop build from 5y ago. Yea, I wish it could run Linux, but Mac OS works very well as a hypervisor and I still do all my day-to-day work in a familiar environment in Linux VMs. With all the supply chain attacks lately, I don't usually dare to develop on baremetal host anymore anyway. Related discussion: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=42541508
In fact, it's even better than Linux as a VM desktop host - finally a reliable suspend on lid close, smooth graphics in VMs, easy context switching between VMs, no silly fiddling with virgl and GPU passthrough etc. It Just Works. I can even play almost all the Windows games I care about - and at totally acceptable frame rates despite x86/ARM translation layers and lack of discrete GPU.
It is worth noting that these topical applications are quite controversial in the medical literature. The evidence supporting a dermal absorption of magnesium (or other electrolytes) is pretty poor [1]. In that sense: yes, it would be exceedingly difficult to overdose using them.
Underresearched topic for sure. They do cite studies that show some effects, just not convincing enough. Perhaps the weak effects are because they seem to overindex on serum magnesium levels, which is just not a good marker of magnesium status (unless very deficient). It's largely an intracellular/skeletal element and serum levels are quickly maintained by kidneys within a narrow range. Magnesium RBC is a much better biomarker but it's hard to find any studies that focus on it. Here's one but in a non-mainstream journal:
https://ijlbpr.com/uploadfiles/462vol12issue2pp2557-2563.202...
Anectodally, while on B6, I had a period of magnesium intolerance - it was a reliable trigger for my dysautonomia flares. I did have reactions to magnesium chloride spray - tachycardia, blood pressure spike, sometimes headache within ~15 minutes of applying it.
Just some input on Magnesium Chloride for me. I have found it is the best for me as Chloride has no “effects” of its own, unlike things like Glycinate. Glycinate is good if it works for you, but I get wired and can’t sleep. I take citrate-based supplements for Calcium and Potassium, but mag citrate causes a lot of GI distress for me. None with chloride.
The bad thing? Mag Chloride is highly hydroscopic. You really can’t make it into a pill or they get all weird and goopy. So to get Mag Chloride you have to get it in a liquid form and it is moderately expensive. Worse than the expense, it tastes positively horrid. Still, it has the best impact on my sleep than other forms, so take that for what it is worth.
You can apply it topically - look for magnesium oil sprays, these are usually just concentrated magnesium chloride. Works well too, gets absorbed systemically totally bypassing digestion, only side effect is oily skin.
Reportedly, excess amounts over what the body can handle wouldn't get topically absorbed (unlike orally) and leave a white residue and that's how you'd know you've had enough - but I never had that happen to me personally.
Both of those have od risk around daily of 250 mg B6, 250 mcg B12, I believe.
Vitamin B6 accumulates in the blood - it has an exceptionally long half-life on the order of several weeks. It's not an occasional overdose you have to worry about the most, but also chronic accumulation at low doses (even not much above RDA levels, single digit milligrams) and your blood levels - apparently there's a large individual variation in its metabolism (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100188)
UK/EU upper safety limits are at 10-12mg per day. US UL of 200mg is way past due for an overhaul.
I personally got sick from a B complex with 40mg pyridoxine after just 4 months. Developed dysautonomia (not a canonical example, but still a kind of neuropathy - damage to autonomic nervous system). Had random tachycardia and high blood pressure flares from various triggers every week, took a while to figure out what was really causing it. Your typical non-neurologist GP wouldn't know anything because "it's water soluble" and the textbooks say neuropathy develops at 200mg+. All symptoms mostly resolved after a month once I threw away everything with pyridoxine. Wouldn't touch it again, always on a lookout for B6 in my multis and supplements now. P5P form is thought to be safer, but also got people sick - look around on facebook B6 groups for more anecdata.
No problem with B12 as far as I know. It's not a neurotoxin unlike B6.