I'm not a huge fan of the Latter Day Saints, but for a large and important chunk of their religion's existence, they were not only called a cult, but persecuted as one.
I'm not a huge fan of the Latter Day Saints, but for a large and important chunk of their religion's existence, they were not only called a cult, but persecuted as one.
>I get that you're trying to be snide because you were so publicly wrong, but your tone here really just makes you sound like you're trying to sound smart
Right back at you. I don't think I'm motivated by trying to sound smart, but rather by curiosity about the subject. Well, OK, half by wanting to sound smart (and win arguments) and half by curiosity.
In particular, I'm still curious about whether ammunition containing lead is still routinely used by the US military--if you still want to talk about it. I realize Wikipedia can be totally wrong. So far I haven't succeed in wringing information out of Google Search that would corroborate or support your assertion. When's the last time you (or someone you know to usually tell the truth) has observed M855 being used by the US military in significant quantities?
EDIT TO ADD: I don't know if that qualifies as "quantities" and anecdotes are just that, but that's been my experience.
>There are no bullets in the US inventory, to my knowledge, that use a copper core. Copper is simply far too expensive to be used at that scale . . .
Photos of cross sections of the M855 and M855A1:
https://twitter.com/izlomdefense/status/1202516482082639872/...
M855 has a lead plug behind a steel penetrator. M855A1 has a copper plug behind a steel penetrator. So, I stand by my "copper where the lead used to be". I never said there wasn't a steel penetrator.
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO:
>For general issue, the U.S. Army adopted the M855A1 round in 2010 to replace the M855. The primary reason was pressure to use non-lead bullets. The lead slug is replaced by a copper alloy slug . . . The U.S. Marines adopted the Mk318 in early 2010 due to delays with the M855A1. This was a temporary measure until the M855A1 was available for them, which occurred in mid-2010"
As you probably know, most combat soldiers in the US Army and Marines carry a rifle (usually an M4 these days IIUC) that fires 5.56×45mm NATO, so it is probably the ammo type that the US military uses the most of.
Yes the M855A1 was developed and started operational testing in 2010. However, it wasn't available to anyone who wasn't forward deployed until...my memory says 2015. The M855 is still used on post because a) it's cheap, and ballistically similar to the M855A1 and b) the production lines at Lake City are still geared for them
The Marine corps didn't formally adopt the M855A1 until 2017/2018. Brass didn't like it because it broke the feed ramps on machine guns. There was a big procurement SNAFU about this.
Marine corps times article on the matter:
https://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/your-marine-corps/2017...
I get that you're trying to be snide because you were so publicly wrong, but your tone here really just makes you sound like you're trying to sound smart about something you know nothing about. Something to consider. Frantic googling does not an expert make.
You're right about the copper core on the new model A1 - I thought it was steel entirely with thin jacket. I would argue that when, by weight, the majority of the bullet is steel, my original point still holds.
First, terms - brass is not used to "jacket" a bullet. Brass is used as the case material for the cartridge. Steel, and nickel plated steel are some times also used here. "Jacketing" (as in, Full Metal Jacket) refers to the material that wraps around the exterior of the projectile. As far as I'm aware, the material used here is almost always copper, or a copper alloy (cupronickel).
The US standard bullet is the M855. It's a lead core with a soft soft steel penetrator at the tip, that's jacketed with copper.
There's an advanced version of the M855, the M855A1, which is an entirely steel slug, jacketed with copper. This bullet has better terminal performance at longer ranges, and slightly better armour piercing capabilities.
The US army standard training round is the M193. It is a lead bullet jacketed with copper. Interestingly, it in many ways has better terminal performance than the M855 because this is the bullet the M16 and M4 rifles were designed around, and the M855 only exists because of NATO politics.
There are no bullets in the US inventory, to my knowledge, that use a copper core. Copper is simply far too expensive to be used at that scale, and, as you pointed out, reduces the weight of the projectile which has negative effects on terminal performance.
"Why are bullets jacketed in copper" you might be wondering here - when rifle cartridges were invented, they still used black powder, and all bullets were lead. When smokeless powder was invented, it became possible to have more explosive power per unit of volume. However, this had two negative effects - one, the lead projectile would either disintegrate, or became entirely inaccurate, at the speeds it was accelerated to. Second, the force of the bullet against the rifling of the barrel was rubbing away metal from the bullet, leaving lead deposits which fouled the gun and made it inaccurate. All steel bullets solved this problem, but increase the wear on the barrel. The solution was to coat (jacket) each bullet in a thin layer of copper, which was stiff enough to withstand the force of friction in air, while also softer than the steel barrel and reduced wear and tear on the rifles
BUT: I really think the times of the NUC are over. Media-PCs are getting less important (Netflix, etc.). With dedicated boxes like Apple-TV and TV Recording they hardly play a role any more and for home servers there are better alternatives.
I recently invested some money into a used Fujitsu D3417 + Xeon homeserver and it runs Proxmox at 9.3W Idle. The performance is just on another level than any NUC with the same price tag and because it is upgradable and supports ECC RAM, the only drawback is it's size.
I'm still questioning the industry, why they don't provide affordable ITX or smaller sized boards with enough space for ECC (!) RAM and two or more NVMe-Slots as low power low cost Micro-Server appliance. Newer AMD Ryzen does inofficially support ECC but the Idle Power consumption is pretty high. This could be a niche, I would definitely get one of these, if it was good quality (like the DELL, HP or Fujitsu Servers). These boards exist, but they are nearly impossible to get anywhere. An example would be the Gigabyte C246N-WU2, which does run at an unbelievable Idle consumption of less than 8W [2]
[1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-dVdm3OjME
[2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFurC_HDlKM (German)
Uber/Lyft did outcompete taxis on merit, and to suggest otherwise is revisionist history! Before ride-sharing apps, the process for getting a taxi was:
1. Stand on a street corner (if you're in a busy area) or make a call if you're not. If you have to make a call, there's a ~20% chance a taxi actually shows up.
2. Get in the taxi, tell your driver where to go and how to get there since they could otherwise take a more expensive and profitable route.
3. When you're at you destination, pay the driver. 80% chance they will say "the machine is not working," offering to take you to an ATM to get cash if needed. Note that the machine magically works when you shrug and tell them you're not obligated to pay if the reader is broken.
Ride-sharing apps completely changed the game. Suddenly you know exactly how much you had to pay, in advance. You knew exactly where your ride was so you had an estimated arrival time. You knew exactly what route they were taking.
People talk about how Uber/Lyft dodged taxi regulation, which is true, but the reason there was so much regulation around taxis in the first place was because the old system was so ripe for abuse. Imagine being a tourist landing at an airport and taking a taxi to your hotel; what if you got into a cab and they charged a hidden $20 "airport pickup fee," or took the scenic route, or simply charged a higher rate than the car in front of them? That's exactly why the industry was so tightly regulated, and you have things like standardized rates, requirements for rates to be displayed on the interior and exterior of every cab, the meter being visible to the rider, etc.
All this to say, any sort of competition on pricing is totally orthogonal to competition on product. Uber and Lyft handily won the product battle against cabs.
option 3 - go to a hotel, and have them call a cab for you, or get one from the stand there. This is my go to for cities I'm unfamiliar with, and it's never let me down. The taxi companies might not have an incentive to show up promptly for _you_, random person calling them, but they do for the hotel in their area.
I believe the original comment was complaining about the perverse incentive there.
JFC. Meanwhile, Hetzner charges 26 ct/kWh in Finland and 53 ct/kWh in Germany [1]. At these prices (and yes, I'm aware these also include the cooling costs) it's completely inexplicable to me how Germany can ever get actually competitive with US services.
If there was a battle that the German high command was obsessed with, it was Austerlitz, where Napoleon showed how maneuver and control of his armies could decimate larger forces. That's, well, the reason the German general staff came into existence - analysis of Napoleon's victories and style of leadership showed that just amassing troops wasn't enough, here had to be a plan, and an operational art of war, beyond mere tactics.
Many studies, even the very first war games, were done by the German high command, using exquisitely drawn maps (again, one of the things they learned from the preceding wars, actually knowing what terrain you're on, and where you are kind of matters a great deal) looking at the battles of the Napoleonic wars, and the power of maneuver over fires.
The issue comes, not from machine guns, but from the absolutely devasting power of artillery, which turns nearly maneuvering blocks of infantry into, well, horrible casualties. Generals on both sides of the war looked for that one crushing engagement, that one sweep where they could break the enemy morale and carry the day. Of course they looked to Cannae, and spoke of victory to match it, it's one of the great battles and is taught for a reason. However, I think it's a mistake to look at the speeches and letters extolling a battle from 2000 years ago while ignoring entirely the world changing war that happened in their nation's recent memory, the one they literally wrote the book about.