It's an extroardinary journey to record an organ, process the thousands of WAV files and design a virtual organ model.
A discrete decision based upon an input having a continuous range of values cannot be made within a bounded length of time.
Quoting from https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/buridan.pdf:
"The significance of Buridan’s Principle lies in its warning that decisions may, in rare circumstances, take much longer than expected. Before the problem was recognized by computer designers, some computer systems probably failed regularly (perhaps once or twice a week) because arbiters took longer than expected to reach a decision. Real accidents may occur because people cannot decide in time which of two alternative actions to take, even though either would prevent the accident. Although Buridan’s Principle implies that the possibility of such an accident cannot be eliminated, awareness of the problem could lead to methods for reducing its probability."
In the accompanying notes at https://lamport.azurewebsites.net/pubs/pubs.html, Lamport states:
The four reviews ranged from "This well-written paper is of major philosophical importance" to "This may be an elaborate joke." One of the other reviews was more mildly positive, and the fourth said simply "My feeling is that it is rather superficial." The paper was rejected.
Reminds me of one of the Boeing 737 crashes where pilots were reading the manual but had not enough time to reach the relevant pages.
I have a decade of experience in robotics (including both humanoid robots and self-driving cars) and I think this is optimistic.
Robotics is a wonderful field if you like to work on hard research problems. It is a terrible field if you're trying to invent a profitable product.
Trying to classify things as music is a normative approach - saying what music should be. There's always exceptions to rules, as you point out, and people will always disagree and find exceptions.
The article is a descriptive approach - it studies what people think music is.
You can treat music as information. If it's not information, it's just noise.
Sometimes it has a low information density. People like to sing along to stuff they recognise. Sometimes it has higher density - a surprise bit of syncopation or an unusual note. Music is a variation in pitch and rhythm (etc) that is boring enough (in the context of the priors) to be familiar, but not too boring.
OTOH look at how tone poems flopped. There are patterns that are naturally easier to learn - rhythms (in the article) and maybe scales and harmonies (though this is clearly a bit more complex - not every culture has the old Mesopotamian diatonic scales that the Pythagorians formalised). But like Chomsky theorised with grammar, there might be defaults (or a range of defaults) that humans are naturally drawn to as the priors.
In information theory we have:
A message has maximal information content if (and only if) its symbols are statistically indistinguishable from random noise.
Noise or noise-like elements are also important part of many kinds of music.