> During 2005, a new blood-sharing practice, “flashblood,” emerged among female IDUs in Dar es Salaam. Flashblood is a syringe full of blood drawn back immediately after initial injection that is passed to a companion to inject. Those practicing flashblood believe that the syringe full of about 4cm3 of such blood contains enough heroin to avoid the pains of withdrawal.
In many places in the United States it was unusual for COVID to be listed as a cause of death in paperwork. Often it was listed a something coronary or pulmonary. This isn't unique to COVID, but happened a lot more with that disease, especially before there were vaccines and the stigma was stronger.
The actual number of COVID deaths is estimated because policies varied so much among different political jurisdictions.
Source: Work in the healthcare industry, and had relatives die of COVID who ended up with something else listed on their death certificates.
I was able to access the NBER version of the paper, but it looks like working copies are also available in a number of other locations: