Is there any study that shows that typing in Python improves code quality and reduce runtime issues?

What should a type checker say about this code?

  x = []
  x.append(1)
  x[0] = "new"
  x[0] + "oops"

It's optionally typed, but I would credit both "type checks correctly" and "can't assign 'new' over a number" as valid type checker results.

Imagine history documentaries where they take an old photo and free objects from the background and move them round giving the illusion of parallax movement. This software does that in less than a second, creating a 3D model that can be accurately moved (or the camera for that matter) in your video editor. It's not new, but this one is fast and "sharp".

Gaussian splashing is pretty awesome.

Wouldn’t it make more sense to write the same functionality using a more performant, no-gc language? Aren’t competitors praised for their CLIs being faster for that reason?

Does anyone have a good resource for a quickstart/high-level overview of just the terminology required to understand Nix? Flakes/overlays/nixpkgs/etc. I start wading in to try and understand it, and instead run into arguments and disagreements.

Unfortunately, without a base level understanding of the entire ecosystem, I stay lost.