It's difficult to find a succinct overview. Here is a slide deck buried among links: http://www.capstone-engine.org/BHUSA2014-capstone.pdf
P.S. who remembers the legendary Phrozen Crew cracks? They were minimal byte patches that often toggled a conditional jump in an MS-DOS app/game...
[1] https://rizin.re
P.S. I still use it from time to time - it has a nice built-in assembler for x86/x86-x64.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_of_death
I also remember SMB vulnerabilities that stayed unpatched for years on some machines. That was already when Metasploit existed, so you could inject VNC into most Windows hosts on local network with just a few commands. These days at least the patching is super fast.