Because they all cheated on their coursework and got graded on a curve for exams. Source: I was a TA for an intro CS course.
Deleted Comment
Lots of people get started with things like using a microcontroller to light up some LEDs and so on. That will introduce you to basic concepts like how transistors work as well if you dig into it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSRe_4TQbuo&list=PLvOlSehNtu...
Deleted Comment
Semiconductor Feature Sizes (approximate for all vendors)
Nanometers Micrometers Millimeters
Year (nm) (µm) (mm)
1957 120,000 120.0 0.12
1963 30,000 30.0 0.03
1971 10,000 10.0 0.01
1974 6,000 6.0
1976 3,000 3.0
1982 1,500 1.5 **
1985 1,300 1.3 **
1989 1,000 1.0 **
1993 600 0.6 **
1996 350 0.35 **
1998 250 0.25 **
1999 180 0.18 **
2001 130 0.13 **
2003 90 0.09 **
2005 65 0.065
2008 45 0.045
2010 32 0.032
2012 22 0.022
2014 14 0.014
2017 10 0.010
2018 7 0.007
2020 5 0.005
2022 3 0.003
2024 2 0.002 ***
What this means is:- very complex circuits can be laid out and placed inside a bypass capacitor on the 3.3 or 5 volt rail that pass their data through the encapsulant via IR and also receive instructions. They can be hidden on multilayer boards hidden by the + and G rails from x-rays. They can also access data busses by similar hidden means. With data bus access they can get/send clocked data on command.
Ever hear of the 'Russian Pebbles'. Dead drops that use a foot coil to send/receive data, and yes, they have wireless charging - a charger agent places his foot nearby the buried pebbles...
It basically uses the priority queue to store all the composites up to a certain point and then you can assume the next one is prime.
I had some (admittedly not well written) code for it too https://gist.github.com/weskerfoot/4699275
It can also incorporates the wheel factorization optimization mentioned in this article.